{"id":2539,"date":"2026-04-24T05:40:22","date_gmt":"2026-04-24T05:40:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/?p=2539"},"modified":"2026-04-24T05:40:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-24T05:40:23","slug":"cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-complete-engineering-standards-infrastructure-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-complete-engineering-standards-infrastructure-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ud83d\udc49 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=61579484674640\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643<\/a> \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udc49 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/contact-us\/\">\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rank-math-toc-block\" id=\"rank-math-toc\"><h2>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#key-takeaways\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#introduction-why-cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-defines-urban-infrastructure-safety\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#what-is-a-cast-iron-manhole-cover\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u061f<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#engineering-definition\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#functional-engineering-role\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-fundamentals\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#structural-load-behavior\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#engineering-stress-distribution\">\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-classification-system-en-124-standard\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 (\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 EN 124)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#material-science-behind-cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#gray-cast-iron-structure\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#ductile-iron-evolution\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#engineering-improvements\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-vs-ductile-iron-evolution\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#structural-performance-comparison\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-vs-composite-cover-systems\">\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#composite-covers\">\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#advantages\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627:<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#limitations\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#engineering-design-structure-of-cast-iron-manhole-cover\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#rib-reinforcement-system\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0644\u0639<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#frame-support-mechanism\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#anti-rotation-locking-system\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-testing-methods\">\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-static-load-testing\">1. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-dynamic-fatigue-testing\">2. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-impact-drop-testing\">3. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#global-standards-for-cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#en-124-europe\">\u0625\u0646 124 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#astm-a-48-united-states\">ASTM A48 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#iso-1083\">\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648 1083<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-failure-analysis\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#common-failure-modes\">\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1-fatigue-cracking\">1. \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2-improper-seating-failure\">2. \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3-material-brittleness\">3. \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#infrastructure-engineering-case-studies\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#case-study-1-smart-city-road-upgrade-europe\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 1: \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#case-study-2-industrial-port-expansion-project\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#case-study-3-flood-control-infrastructure-asia\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 3: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-and-lifecycle-cost\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#cost-structure-overview\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#lifecycle-insight\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#modern-industry-trends-and-white-paper-insights\">\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#urban-load-growth-trend\">\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#smart-city-integration\">\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#sustainability-focus\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#cast-iron-manhole-cover-selection-engineering-guide\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#step-1-determine-load-class\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#step-2-environmental-conditions\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#step-3-material-selection\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#step-4-installation-quality\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 4: \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#what-determines-the-strength-of-a-cast-iron-manhole-cover\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u061f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#what-is-the-strongest-manhole-cover-class\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634\u061f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#why-do-cast-iron-manhole-covers-fail\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u061f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#how-long-does-a-cast-iron-manhole-cover-last\">\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u061f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#why-are-manhole-covers-so-heavy\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#conclusion\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-takeaways\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 (EN 124 \/ ASTM \/ ISO) \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"introduction-why-cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-defines-urban-infrastructure-safety\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad.jpg\" alt=\"\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\" class=\"wp-image-2540\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:500px;height:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad.jpg 800w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/scacsavad-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642. \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/\">\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 <strong>70% \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/strong>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643 <strong>\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 40 \u0637\u0646<\/strong>. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-a-cast-iron-manhole-cover\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/\">\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a>?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"engineering-definition\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646.<br>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"functional-engineering-role\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-fundamentals\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"structural-load-behavior\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0629)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"engineering-stress-distribution\">\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-classification-system-en-124-standard\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 (\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 EN 124)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 EN 124 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0641\u0635\u0644<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 (\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646)<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 (\u0637\u0646)<\/th><th>\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u062315<\/td><td>15 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/td><td>~1.5 \u0637\u0646<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0628125<\/td><td>125 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/td><td>~12.5 \u0637\u0646<\/td><td>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062c250<\/td><td>250 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/td><td>~25 \u0637\u0646<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D400<\/td><td>400 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/td><td>~40 \u0637\u0646<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E600<\/td><td>600 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/td><td>~60 \u0637\u0646<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F900<\/td><td>900 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646<\/td><td>~90 \u0637\u0646<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"material-science-behind-cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"gray-cast-iron-structure\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a.<br>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ductile-iron-evolution\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"engineering-improvements\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 <strong>2.3 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 <strong>300400%<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-vs-ductile-iron-evolution\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"structural-performance-comparison\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/th><th>\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td><td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td><td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0627<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0643<\/td><td>\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/td><td>\u0642\u0648\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td><td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-vs-composite-cover-systems\"><a href=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/\">\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"composite-covers\">\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 (FRP) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"advantages\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0647\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"limitations\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"engineering-design-structure-of-cast-iron-manhole-cover\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/scxaqcsavavdsadbaw-1024x267.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1569\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:500px;height:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/scxaqcsavavdsadbaw-1024x267.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/scxaqcsavavdsadbaw-300x78.jpg 300w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/scxaqcsavavdsadbaw-768x200.jpg 768w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/scxaqcsavavdsadbaw-1536x400.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/scxaqcsavavdsadbaw-600x156.jpg 600w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/scxaqcsavavdsadbaw.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rib-reinforcement-system\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0644\u0639<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629.<br>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frame-support-mechanism\">\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632.<br>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anti-rotation-locking-system\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-testing-methods\">\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-static-load-testing\">1. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629.<br>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-dynamic-fatigue-testing\">2. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<br>\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-impact-drop-testing\">3. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629.<br>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"global-standards-for-cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"en-124-europe\">\u0625\u0646 124 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"astm-a-48-united-states\">ASTM A48 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"iso-1083\">\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648 1083<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-failure-analysis\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/asacs-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1225\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:500px;height:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/asacs-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/asacs-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/asacs-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/asacs-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/asacs.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"common-failure-modes\">\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-fatigue-cracking\">1. \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<br>\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-improper-seating-failure\">2. \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d.<br>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-material-brittleness\">3. \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"infrastructure-engineering-case-studies\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"case-study-1-smart-city-road-upgrade-europe\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 1: \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 D400 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>42% \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"case-study-2-industrial-port-expansion-project\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 F900 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"case-study-3-flood-control-infrastructure-asia\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 3: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>30% \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-strength-and-lifecycle-cost\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cost-structure-overview\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th><th>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td><td>3545%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/td><td>25 \u062a\u063430%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/td><td>15.20%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>10 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u062915%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lifecycle-insight\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 <strong>20.35%<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"modern-industry-trends-and-white-paper-insights\">\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"urban-load-growth-trend\">\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 <strong>25% \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/strong>.<br>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"smart-city-integration\">\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"sustainability-focus\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cast-iron-manhole-cover-selection-engineering-guide\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/sacacsavdasdbwsfd.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1699\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:500px;height:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/sacacsavdasdbwsfd.jpg 900w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/sacacsavdasdbwsfd-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/sacacsavdasdbwsfd-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/sacacsavdasdbwsfd-600x467.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-1-determine-load-class\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-2-environmental-conditions\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-3-material-selection\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"step-4-installation-quality\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 4: \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-determines-the-strength-of-a-cast-iron-manhole-cover\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623 <a href=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/\">\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a>?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<br>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-the-strongest-manhole-cover-class\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>F900 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<br>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-do-cast-iron-manhole-covers-fail\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<br>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"how-long-does-a-cast-iron-manhole-cover-last\">\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 20-30 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<br>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"why-are-manhole-covers-so-heavy\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629.<br>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/faq\/\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/a><\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2540,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2539","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2539"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2539\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2541,"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2539\/revisions\/2541"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2540"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2539"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2539"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shengxinfoundry.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2539"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}